Paper.wf

Reader

Read the latest posts from Paper.wf.

from erikwong

18650 Battery Series and Parallel Connection: How to Build the Right Pack

Connecting 18650 cells in series increases voltage, while connecting them in parallel increases capacity and current capability. The right configuration depends on the equipment’s voltage, runtime, current demand and available installation space.

An individual 18650 cell is relatively simple.

Usually around 3.6V or 3.7V nominal.

But most commercial products do not run from a single cell. Once several cells are combined, the battery starts to look very different.

You may see specifications such as:

3S1P

3S2P

4S2P

5S3P

At first, these codes can look like something from an engineering drawing rather than a battery specification.

They are actually quite easy to understand once you separate the two letters.

S = Series

P = Parallel

The series part mainly determines voltage.

The parallel part mainly determines capacity and current capability.

That basic idea is enough to understand most 18650 battery-pack configurations, although a real production pack involves quite a bit more than simply connecting cells together.

What Does “S” Mean in an 18650 Battery Pack? “S” means series connection.

When cells are connected in series, their voltages add together.

For example, if we use a typical 3.7V nominal 18650 cell:

1S = 3.7V nominal

2S = 7.4V nominal

3S = 11.1V nominal

4S = 14.8V nominal

5S = 18.5V nominal

6S = 22.2V nominal

These are nominal values.

A typical lithium-ion cell can reach around 4.2V when fully charged, so the maximum pack voltage is higher.

For example:

3S → 12.6V full charge

4S → 16.8V full charge

6S → 25.2V full charge

This distinction matters when the battery is connected to electronic equipment.

A device designed for a particular voltage range needs to tolerate the battery’s actual operating range, not just the nominal number printed on the label.

What Does “P” Mean? “P” means parallel connection.

When cells are connected in parallel, their nominal voltage stays approximately the same, while their capacity increases.

For example, imagine one cell has:

3.7V / 3000mAh

Then:

1S1P = 3.7V / 3000mAh

Two identical cells in parallel become approximately:

1S2P = 3.7V / 6000mAh

Three cells:

1S3P = 3.7V / 9000mAh

Four cells:

1S4P = 3.7V / 12000mAh

The actual usable capacity can vary depending on the cell, discharge conditions and battery management system.

But as a basic way to understand the configuration, the calculation is straightforward.

Six 18650 lithium battery cells arranged in a 3S2P battery pack configuration So What Does 3S2P Actually Mean? This is probably the configuration buyers encounter most often.

3S2P means:

3 cells or cell groups connected in series 2 cells connected in parallel within each group Total cells:

3 × 2 = 6 cells

Using 3000mAh, 3.7V cells as an example:

Nominal voltage: 3 × 3.7V = 11.1V

Capacity: 2 × 3000mAh = 6000mAh

So the battery would be approximately:

11.1V / 6000mAh

At full charge:

3 × 4.2V = 12.6V

This is a simplified example, but it is useful for understanding how the numbers work.

4S2P: Another Common Example Now let’s take:

4S2P

This uses:

4 × 2 = 8 cells

With 3000mAh cells:

Nominal voltage: 4 × 3.7V = 14.8V

Capacity: 2 × 3000mAh = 6000mAh

Full charge:

4 × 4.2V = 16.8V

Notice something interesting here.

Compared with the 3S2P example, the capacity is the same, but the voltage is higher.

That is because we added cells in series rather than parallel.

This is one of the reasons battery designers often start with the equipment’s voltage requirement before deciding how many cells should be used.

Series vs Parallel: The Quick Comparison Configuration Voltage Capacity Main Purpose 1S1P Base voltage Base capacity Small devices 2S1P Higher Same Higher voltage 3S1P Higher Same Higher voltage 1S2P Same 2× More capacity 2S2P Higher 2× Higher voltage + capacity 3S2P Higher 2× Higher voltage + capacity 4S3P Higher 3× Higher voltage + capacity The exact numbers depend on the cell specification.

The useful part is understanding the direction:

Series → voltage

Parallel → capacity/current capability

18650 battery cells showing series and parallel configurations during battery pack assembly Why Not Just Keep Adding Cells? Because battery design has limits.

Adding more cells can increase voltage, capacity and power capability, but it also increases:

Weight Pack size Cost Heat Assembly complexity BMS requirements Failure points Imagine an equipment manufacturer asks for a battery that provides more runtime.

One solution might be to increase the number of cells in parallel.

But if there is only a small battery compartment, that solution may not physically work.

This is where battery design becomes a balancing exercise.

You have electrical requirements on one side and mechanical restrictions on the other.

If you have not checked the available space yet, our earlier guide to 18650 battery size and dimensions is worth reading before deciding on a pack arrangement.

Series and Parallel Connections Affect Current Too It is common to say:

Series increases voltage, parallel increases capacity.

That is a useful starting point, but it is not the entire story.

Parallel cells can also share the load current.

For example, if a particular cell configuration is designed to support a certain continuous current, adding parallel cells can distribute the current demand across the parallel group.

This is especially relevant to high-current applications.

Suppose the equipment needs a substantial current at startup.

The designer may need to increase the number of cells in parallel rather than simply increasing the number in series.

This is why the high-drain vs high-capacity 18650 battery guide is useful when selecting cells for power tools, motors and other demanding applications.

The cell itself, however, still needs to be suitable for the required current. Parallel connection is not a way to ignore the manufacturer’s limits.

Why Do 18650 Battery Packs Need a BMS? A multi-cell lithium-ion battery pack normally needs appropriate battery management and protection.

The BMS can perform functions such as:

Overcharge protection Over-discharge protection Over-current protection Cell balancing Temperature monitoring The exact BMS functions depend on the design.

For example, a 4S pack requires a BMS designed for the appropriate 4-series configuration.

A BMS designed for a different series count should not simply be substituted because the connector looks similar.

This is one area where battery-pack assembly needs proper engineering rather than trial and error.

Cell Matching Matters More Than People Expect Suppose you have eight 18650 cells.

They look identical from the outside.

That does not necessarily mean they behave identically.

Cells can differ in:

Capacity Internal resistance Self-discharge Age State of charge If cells with significantly different characteristics are assembled into the same pack, the pack can become harder to manage.

For commercial battery production, cells should be properly selected and matched according to the pack design and manufacturer’s process.

This becomes particularly important as the number of series-connected cells increases.

Series Packs Need More Attention to Cell Balance Imagine a 4S pack.

Ideally, the four series groups should remain reasonably balanced.

If one group reaches its upper voltage limit earlier than the others, the charging process cannot simply continue as though all four groups were identical.

This is one reason cell balancing is important.

The BMS monitors the cell groups and helps manage differences within its design limits.

However, a BMS should not be treated as a magic solution for badly matched cells.

Good cell selection and pack assembly still matter.

How Many 18650 Batteries Do You Need? There is no single answer.

It depends on what you are trying to achieve.

For example:

Need around 12V? A typical lithium-ion approach may use:

3S

Need more capacity at the same voltage? Add parallel cells:

3S2P

3S3P

3S4P

Need around 24V? A configuration around:

6S

may be considered, depending on the required nominal voltage and equipment voltage range.

Then parallel groups can be added if more capacity or current capability is needed.

But do not design the pack from the voltage number alone.

The load, runtime, maximum current, dimensions and BMS all need to be considered.

A Simple 18650 Pack Calculation Let’s use a practical example.

Suppose you need:

11.1V nominal

6Ah capacity

And you are considering:

3.7V / 3000mAh cells

First, series:

11.1V ÷ 3.7V = 3 cells

So:

3S

Then capacity:

6Ah ÷ 3Ah = 2

So:

2P

Final configuration:

3S2P

Total cells:

3 × 2 = 6

This is the basic calculation.

For a real production battery, you would then need to check current, BMS, dimensions, thermal conditions, connectors, charging requirements and cell specifications.

What If the Required Capacity Is Not an Exact Multiple? This happens all the time.

For example, perhaps the target is:

11.1V / 7Ah

but the selected cell is:

3000mAh

You cannot simply make 2.33 parallel cells.

The configuration has to use whole cells.

You might need:

3S3P = 9Ah

or reconsider the cell selection.

This is one reason custom battery projects sometimes involve comparing several cell capacities before finalizing the design.

A slightly different cell can produce a much more practical pack.

Series and Parallel Design Also Changes Pack Dimensions This is where electrical calculations meet mechanical engineering.

A 3S2P pack has six cells.

But there are several ways to arrange those six cells.

You might place them:

Side by side Two rows Staggered In a custom holder In a long narrow configuration The final shape depends on the product enclosure.

For an OEM project, providing the supplier with the maximum available:

Length × Width × Height

can make the design process much easier.

You can also review the 18650 battery size and dimensions guide before finalizing the mechanical layout.

Engineer assembling a custom 18650 lithium battery pack with BMS and wiring What Should Wholesale Buyer Tell the Supplier? If you are buying individual cells, you may only need to specify:

Cell format Capacity Voltage Discharge current Quantity If you need a complete battery pack, provide:

Nominal voltage Required capacity Continuous current Peak current Maximum dimensions Connector Application Quantity For example:

18650 battery pack 14.8V nominal 6Ah 10A continuous 15A peak Maximum size: 150 × 40 × 70mm Quantity: 2,000 pcs

That is much easier for a battery manufacturer to work with than simply asking for a “24V 18650 battery.”

Series and Parallel Are Only the Beginning The S/P configuration tells you how the cells are arranged electrically.

It does not tell you everything about the finished battery.

A production battery also includes:

Cells BMS Insulation Nickel strips or busbars Wiring Connector Housing Protection materials Charging system For some applications, thermal management may also become important.

So if you are developing a commercial battery pack, it is better to think of the 18650 cells as the foundation rather than the complete product.

For standard 18650 cell sourcing, you can also review the Apsenx 18650 lithium battery product category.

If you already know the required voltage, capacity and dimensions, those details can be used to start a more specific OEM discussion.

A Small Configuration Change Can Change the Whole Battery This is one of the practical lessons with 18650 packs.

Changing from:

3S2P

to:

4S2P

does not just add two cells.

It changes the nominal voltage, maximum voltage, BMS configuration and potentially the equipment’s electrical compatibility.

Changing:

3S2P

to:

3S3P

keeps the basic voltage configuration but increases capacity, cell count, weight and pack size.

So the S/P configuration should be treated as part of the product design, not just a calculation made at the end.

FAQ What does 3S2P mean on 18650 battery? 3S2P means three cell groups are connected in series, with two cells connected in parallel in each group. The configuration uses six cells in total.

Does series increase 18650 battery capacity? No. Series connection primarily increases voltage. The capacity in Ah generally remains based on the parallel count, assuming identical cells.

Does parallel connection increase voltage? No. Parallel cells normally maintain approximately the same nominal voltage while increasing capacity and current-sharing capability.

How many cells are in 4S2P 18650 battery? A 4S2P pack contains eight cells: four series groups with two cells in parallel in each group.

Do I need a BMS for a series 18650 battery pack? A properly designed multi-cell lithium-ion pack generally requires an appropriate battery management and protection system. The BMS needs to match the series configuration and application requirements.

https://www.anpsglobal.com/product-category/18650-battery-packs/

 
阅读更多

from bighypenow

Texas Fire Watch Services for Safer Businesses

Texas Fire Watch Services for Safer Businesses

Fire protection is a critical concern for Texas businesses, construction sites, industrial facilities, and commercial properties. Temporary fire watch services provide additional monitoring when normal fire protection systems are impaired or elevated hazards exist. Trained guards can patrol designated areas and watch for smoke, flames, sparks, heat, and other warning signs. Professional fire watch coverage helps businesses maintain greater awareness during temporary safety challenges.

Why Temporary Fire Watch Is Important

Fire alarms, sprinkler systems, and other protective equipment may occasionally require maintenance, testing, or emergency repairs. During these periods, properties may need dedicated personnel to monitor areas that have reduced protection. Fire watch guards provide active observation rather than relying solely on building occupants to identify hazards. Their presence can support safer conditions until permanent fire protection systems are operational again.

Reliable Texas Fire Watch Coverage

Businesses seeking dependable temporary fire protection can use fastfirewatchguards.com/texas to learn about professional fire watch coverage throughout Texas. Trained personnel can monitor commercial, industrial, construction, and other high-risk environments. Guards can follow established patrol procedures and remain attentive to changing site conditions. Reliable monitoring gives property managers additional support when normal protection measures are temporarily unavailable.

Fire Watch for Construction Projects

Construction sites can experience constantly changing fire risks as work progresses from one phase to another. Combustible materials, temporary electrical systems, unfinished structures, equipment, and hot work can increase the potential for fire incidents. Fire watch guards can patrol designated construction areas and observe conditions throughout their assignments. Consistent monitoring provides an additional safety resource for contractors and project managers.

Monitoring Hot Work Operations

Welding, cutting, grinding, brazing, and similar activities can create sparks and intense heat. Without appropriate precautions, these ignition sources can present risks to nearby combustible materials and unfinished areas. Fire watch personnel can monitor hot work zones during operations and continue observation afterward when required. Their focused attention helps identify smoke, smoldering materials, or other indications of an emerging fire.

Commercial Property Fire Safety

Commercial properties can require fire watch coverage for many different reasons. Offices, warehouses, retail facilities, hotels, apartments, and industrial buildings may need temporary monitoring during system impairments or specialized activities. Guards can follow defined routes and concentrate on locations with elevated fire risks. This structured approach helps maintain consistent observation across the property.

Fire Alarm and Sprinkler Impairments

A fire alarm or sprinkler outage can reduce the level of automatic protection available to a property. Temporary fire watch personnel can provide active monitoring while qualified technicians diagnose and repair the affected system. Guards can patrol designated areas and report concerning conditions according to established procedures. Once the permanent system has been restored and appropriate requirements have been satisfied, normal protection can resume.

Identifying Potential Fire Hazards

Effective fire watch depends on continuous awareness and the ability to recognize conditions that could lead to a fire. Guards may look for smoke, flames, unusual heat, sparks, burning odors, unsafe storage, and other potential hazards. Early identification gives responsible personnel an opportunity to respond before a minor issue becomes more serious. Prompt communication is therefore an important element of professional fire watch operations.

Professional Fire Watch Documentation

Documentation helps property managers maintain a clear record of fire watch activities. Patrol records can identify locations inspected, observation times, hazards discovered, and actions taken during an assignment. Consistent reporting can also improve communication between guards, contractors, facility managers, and other responsible personnel. Well-maintained records provide useful information throughout the period of temporary fire protection.

Choosing Experienced Fire Watch Guards

Selecting a qualified fire watch provider requires attention to training, reliability, communication, availability, and experience. Businesses should choose professionals who understand the responsibilities associated with active fire monitoring and site-specific safety procedures. Experienced guards can adapt their patrols to different commercial, construction, and industrial environments. Careful provider selection can make temporary fire protection more dependable and organized.

Strengthening Fire Safety Across Texas

Temporary fire watch services give businesses an important safety resource when fire risks increase or permanent protection systems are temporarily impaired. Professional guards can provide active patrols, hazard awareness, emergency communication, and detailed documentation. This additional monitoring supports businesses while repairs, construction activities, hot work, or other temporary conditions are underway. With dependable fire watch coverage, Texas organizations can take practical steps toward maintaining safer properties and operations.

 
Read more...

from On democracy - für die Demokratie

How could the German #noafd secure such a landslide victory? Because they allow to hate migrants and promise the prospect of violence against them (and others).

It's clear and neither difficult to see nor unique to the German case – worldwide, we observe the ascendance of these fascist movements.

Yet, the problem with this plain view is the reluctance of democrats to name it directly, and to react accordingly.

The supporters of fascism want a different social order, and they are not interested in any kind of improved democracy.

What many well-meaning democrats suggest – to develop programmes that serve the rational interest of these people – is absolutely futile. Social decline may characterise the biography of some fascists, but they strive only for a very specific, and direct, and bodily repair of this experience. They want to make their scapegoats suffer. Nothing else will satisfy them.

So, the necessary answer is very clear: They must be forbidden from doing so. Only the power of law will contain and ammeliorate this problem.

The challenge for democracy is not the answer itself, but it's institutionalisation. Democracy carries a burden of modernisation theories. They promised that one day everything will be fine. Everybody would finally be wealthy, civilised, and happily included.

The non-existing case were people who do not want democratic equality, not even for themselves. People who prefer “declarations of dependence” (James Ferguson), and the subjugation to a leader that allows them to hate and beat.

This problem exists on the local and on the global level. Neither do we have a justified way of forcing fascist into compliance nor do we know of how to conceptualise a world in which authoritarian regimes will exist as a rule (and not as an aberrance or exception).

Hence, there is a lot to discuss – but not of how to encounter fascists.

For those who ask for a reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_from_Freedom

 
Read more...

from Immigration Legal Services

Immigration and Refugee Legal Services: How LEGEX LLP Can Help


Toronto, Ontario – Navigating Canada’s immigration and refugee system can be stressful, especially when legal procedures, documents, and deadlines feel difficult to understand. LEGEX LLP provides trusted immigration legal services designed to help individuals and families move through the Canadian immigration process with greater clarity and confidence.


For those seeking protection, working with a knowledgeable refugee lawyer in Canada can provide valuable legal guidance throughout a refugee claim or asylum matter. LEGEX LLP assists clients with refugee protection and asylum claims, humanitarian applications, family sponsorship, work permits, permanent residence, detention matters, and other immigration concerns.


Supporting Refugees and Immigration Applicants


Individuals who plan to apply for asylum in Canada may face complex legal requirements and important procedural steps. Having professional legal support can help applicants better understand their options and prepare their documentation and case in an organised manner.


LEGEX LLP also supports clients who are looking for an immigration lawyer in Toronto and throughout the Greater Toronto Area. The firm focuses on clear communication, personalised legal solutions, and practical guidance based on each client’s circumstances.


Key areas of support include:

  1. Refugee protection and asylum claims
  2. Family sponsorship, work permits, and permanent residence
  3. Humanitarian and compassionate applications
  4. Detention and removal matters

“Our goal is to make the immigration process easier to understand while providing compassionate, focused legal support,” said a spokesperson for LEGEX LLP. “Every case is different, and we believe clients deserve clear answers, careful preparation, and dedicated representation.”


About LEGEX LLP


LEGEX LLP is a Canadian immigration law firm based in Etobicoke, Ontario, serving clients with immigration and refugee matters. The firm offers a range of legal services covering refugee protection and asylum claims, sponsorship, Express Entry, Provincial Nominee Programmes, visitor and study permits, humanitarian and compassionate applications, detention and removal matters, and professional notarisation. LEGEX LLP also serves clients seeking legal guidance in Toronto, Mississauga, Etobicoke, and beyond.


Individuals looking for reliable immigration legal services, a refugee lawyer in Canada, or an immigration lawyer in Toronto can contact LEGEX LLP to discuss their immigration needs.


 
Read more...

from 孤桐精舍

归敬

稽首总敬三宝尊,是谓正因能普济。 生死迷愚镇沉溺,咸令出离至菩提。

南无不动如来应正等觉,甚为希有! 南无释迦牟尼如来应正等觉,善能说彼称赞法门!

引言

义净三藏撰写的《临终方诀》中,有这样一段:
时说法人,当随病者心之所欲,而为宣说佛土因缘、十六观等,犹如西方无量寿国,一一具说,令病者心乐生佛土。为说法已,复教谛观,随何方国,佛身相好。观相好已,复教请佛及诸菩萨,而作是言:「稽首如来应正等觉,并诸菩萨摩诃萨,愿哀愍我,拔济饶益。我今奉请,为灭众罪;复将弟子,随佛菩萨生佛国土。」

笔者受这段窍诀的启发,不揣冒昧,在义净三藏原文的基础上略作扩写,作此《五颂祈请文》,并略作解释。以此善根,愿共一切众生随愿往生净土、乃至毕竟成就无上菩提。

文本

稽首东方.妙喜世界.无怒无动.阿閦如来。 所说妙法:六波罗蜜、一相三昧、百八法门。 及诸声闻.大阿罗汉、菩萨海会.摩诃萨众。 愿哀悯我,拔济饶益。我今奉请,为灭众罪、 增长善根;复将弟子.随佛菩萨.生佛国土。

自释

【稽首东方】

  • 浅释

将欲礼佛,先标方所,摄心一处,有所拟向。

又,《优婆塞戒经》以父母为东方,又以檀波罗蜜为东方,意指行人若能知父母恩恭敬供养,修习布施波罗蜜者,才算真正的“稽首东方”。

  • 深释

经言:「不在方、不离方。」“东方”一法并非实有,乃是因缘所生,随顺众生而假名施设。如来法身无处可在、无处可远,随众生感、当处而应,是名“东方”。

【妙喜世界】

  • 浅释

《称赞经》言:「从是东方过千世界,彼有佛刹名曰妙喜。」其他经文中也有翻译为“妙乐”、“可乐”、“欢喜”等的,藏传也有翻译为“现喜”的,都是对应梵文 Abhirati (अभिरति),其含义为“超越欲乐”、“殊妙法乐”等。其佛土庄严,广如经说,此不赘述。

  • 深释

妙喜世界之喜乐,之所以称得上“妙”,不仅仅是因为彼世界中“无有众苦,但受诸乐”,七宝庄严等等;而是通过种种于其他世界中不一定能成立的“悖论”体现出来的。如彼世界,虽有魔天,却不作魔事,反而听闻正法、情希出家;虽有男女,而无欲染;虽有怀胎生产,而母子无苦;虽有人天之别,但不仅人间的福报不异诸天,诸天更是羡慕如来出现于人间,等等。

【无怒无动.阿閦如来】

  • 浅释

“阿閦”即是梵文 Akṣobhya (अक्षोभ्य) 的音译,意译为“不动”、“无动”、“无怒”等。《称赞经》中提到,不动菩萨最初发心时:「由初发心被精进甲,于一切众生不为嗔等之所摇动」,因此最初得名为“不动”。不仅如此,由于这位菩萨生生世世供养诸佛、勤修梵行,因此世世都得名“不动”,乃至成佛号为不动如来:「彼由往昔于生生处供养奉事诸佛如来,于彼佛所常修梵行,由是因缘生生之处还复本名号为不动,从一佛刹至一佛刹,生有佛世常见如来。」其佛身相好,广如经说,此不赘述。

  • 深释

“不动”的含义,由浅而深,略说七层。

  1. 无病。如世间病人,身心不安,故有掉动;彼佛及彼界补特伽罗远离此过,故名“不动”。

  2. 无怒。阿閦菩萨最初发心,「于一切众生,不为瞋等之所摇动。」内自不为瞋等烦恼所动,所以阿閦佛也翻译为“无怒佛”。

  3. 不退菩提。阿閦菩萨从初发心,乃至道场,决定安住大乘,心无动转。彼界菩萨,由佛力故,亦复如是,不为二乘狭意所动,如经:「若住不动如来清净佛刹者,彼诸众生终不退堕,不可引摄,亦不退还,住无上菩提,有大势力,不可摇动,永无退转。

  4. 不扰。《悲分陀利经》言: 「如说修行,不恼他心。」既内心不为烦恼狭意所动,自然体现到外相上不会恼害众生,不会扰动众生。

  5. 无魔。阿閦菩萨初发心时,魔王随喜;乃至菩提道场,天魔不生障碍之想;既成佛已,彼世界中虽有魔天而不作魔事;乃至他方世界有诸众生,发信乐心称彼佛名,愿乐欲生者,佛皆护念,不令魔众能得其便。如是不为诸魔所动。又复,非但天魔,彼佛降伏烦恼魔、蕴魔、死魔,一切诸魔所不能动。

  6. 不违/不乖。阿閦菩萨从初发心得法身威力,既解了第一义谛如真实性,亦复通达世谛假名流布;为众生故,依俗谛,示三业,然亦不违第一义。如经:「不动法界,游诸佛刹」「不动法界,能现种种幻化庄严,令诸众生次第当得趣涅槃岸」,身不动也。如经:「能善分别诸法相,于第一义而不动」,语不动也。如经:「菩萨成就四法,观众生界不动法界,何等四?观自实性;解于法性;观众生性不疑智性;观诸众生同涅槃性,是为四」,意不动也。

  7. 镜智。阿閦佛代表一切诸佛的“大圆镜智” (Ādarśajñāna आदर्शज्ञान)。参考《佛地经论》:

    经曰:如大圆镜,有乐福人悬高胜处无所动摇,诸有去来无量众生,于此观察自身得失,为欲存得舍诸失故。如是如来悬圆镜智处净法界无间断故,无所动摇,欲令无量无数众生观于染净,为欲取净舍诸染故。

    论曰:高胜处者所谓高幢,或余胜处。净法界者,无垢真如。处谓安处,或依或缘无间断故。无动摇者,由此镜智依缘法界穷生死际,恒常随逐相续无断,故无动摇。此义意言,大圆镜智永离一切分别动摇,一得已后尽未来际相续无断。其余三智虽无妄计,而有无执作意分别,证得已后或行不行,非不动摇。

复次,“不瞋/无怒”的缘故,由浅而深,略说七层。瞋、恚、忿、恨等相关的法的具体定义,可参考《法蕴论·杂事品》。

  1. 为自利故。瞋是一种不善法,会对自己的身心乃至器世间都造成负面的影响;离瞋则有与之相对的正面的影响。如《大毗婆沙论》:「谓若十不善业道具增长时,此赡部洲有四衰损出现于世,谓寿量衰损、有情衰损、资具衰损、善品衰损。……诸有瞋恚,若习、若修、若多修习,生那落迦、​​傍生、鬼趣,是异熟果;从彼处没,来生人中,瞋恚猛利,是等流果;彼增上故,所感外物多分枯悴、果实苦涩,是增上果。

  2. 推己及人。经言:「自爱仁恕,终不于他而生瞋恚。」何以故?经言:「善男子!谓诸菩萨非己所安不加于物。若诸菩萨守护此法,即是能持诸佛如来一切禁戒。……善男子!若有敬顺如​​来语者,于此一法常当忆念。何以故?无有众生爱乐于苦,凡有所作悉求安乐,乃至菩萨求阿耨多罗三藐三菩提亦为自他皆得乐故。

  3. 慈悲。观众生苦,欲令其得安乐,发大慈悲心;欲共众生同得无上正等菩提,究竟安乐,发大菩提心;自然与瞋相违。

  4. 应理。无始轮回之中,一切有情无不是我的亲友,理应互为饶益,何忍反更瞋之;彼于我有恩,理应知恩报恩,何忍反更瞋之;我于彼所作不善业,理应惭愧、深自悔责,种种方便用偿斯债,何忍反更瞋之。(此之三心,详见《大乘理趣六波罗蜜经》。)

  5. 瞋舍众生,违菩提道,因此菩萨尤其注重离瞋,以最高的优先级来处理瞋。如《决定毗尼经》:「若有菩萨如恒河沙欲相应心而犯于戒,或有菩萨因一瞋心而犯于戒,等住菩萨大乘之道,因瞋犯者当知最重。所以者何?因瞋恚故能舍众生,因贪欲故于诸众生而生亲爱。优波离!所有诸结能生亲爱,菩萨于此不应生畏;所有诸结能舍众生,菩萨于此应生大畏。

  6. 皆有佛性。观察一切众生皆有佛性,不应轻慢,况瞋彼耶!

  7. 不可得。观察“我”及“有情”乃至一切诸法毕竟不可得故,谁于何处而起瞋耶;乃至“瞋”亦空,“无瞋”亦空,空亦复空,入不二法门。

以上归依、礼敬、随念佛宝。

【所说妙法】

  • 浅释

阿閦菩萨未证菩提时,即已「成就无碍辩才,说诸妙法」。既成佛已,更是为无边众宣说无量法藏,如经:「彼不动如来处众说法,犹若金山光明赫奕。」「为如大海不可动会宣说正法。」「彼佛说法之声普遍三千大千世界,听法四众间无空缺。」「舍利弗!我于此界说法至少,比不动如来所说法藏,百分、千分、百千分、亿百千分、算分、数分、迦罗分、邬波尼杀昙分亦所不及。

  • 深释

《金刚般若》:「须菩提!说法者,无法可说,是名说法。

《胜思惟梵天所问经》:「梵天!若菩萨知如来随行方便说者……若闻佛说法亦信受,以为喜乐文字众生故;若闻佛不说法亦信受,诸佛法性不可说故……菩萨摩诃萨如是善知如来随行方便说法,于诸言说音声无畏,应知亦能利益无量众生。

【六波罗蜜】

  • 浅释

阿閦菩萨在广目如来所初发心时,广目如来所说的法即是:「从六波罗蜜为首。」此后,阿閦菩萨在修菩提行的过程中:「皆与波罗蜜相应。」广说如《大般若经·愿行品》。阿閦菩萨坐于道场,于须臾顷即证菩提,其菩提树自然流出波罗蜜等法音,饶益有情:「我菩提树令七宝成,高千由旬,其茎径一由旬,枝叶分布一千由旬,微风来吹枝叶相掁,令出柔软过天妙音,谓波罗蜜、神通、根、力、觉、道之声,其有闻者心得离欲。」诸菩萨愿乐欲生妙喜世界者,也应当随学阿閦如来及诸菩萨,修六波罗蜜,善根回向:「菩萨摩诃萨行檀波罗蜜时,以此相应善根回向无上菩提,愿与不动如来共相会遇,舍利弗!以此因缘当生彼界。如是菩萨摩诃萨行尸波罗蜜,乃至般若波罗蜜亦复如是。

【一相三昧】

  • 浅释

亦名“一行三昧”,俗称念佛三昧。详见《华手经》卷十、文殊般若等。此是禅观,宜从师受,不可自专。《华手经》言:「坚意!是门能开八百法藏,于今现在阿閦佛土诸菩萨等,常用是门。坚意!于是一门摄一切法门、诸三昧门,是名重句门。是故,坚意!若人如法欲入法门、是三昧门、重句门者,应当亲近诸善知识,问云何行、云何观察、云何修习,当随其教,如说修行。

【百八法门】

  • 浅释

即如释迦菩萨临降兜率,为诸天所说之诸法明门,详见《方广大庄严经·法门品》、《佛本行集经·上托兜率品》等。《称赞经》言:「是诸菩萨若于后时受生彼者,应当读诵百八法门,读诵兹已方能受持彼一切法。不动如来之所安立一百八法门本性,我灭度后若有菩萨摩诃萨当生彼刹者,亦当读诵一百八法门,及能受持一切法门。

以上归依、礼敬、随念法宝。

【及诸声闻.大阿罗汉】

  • 浅释

妙喜世界多阿罗汉,具诸功德,无量无边。经言贤劫千佛所有诸声闻众的数量,比不上妙喜的一个零头。《大般涅槃经》载,过去久远无量劫前,觉德比丘(迦叶佛的前世)、有德国王(释迦牟尼佛的前世)就曾往生妙喜世界,预声闻众。

  • 深释

说曰:阿閦如来施设化城,所谓三乘说法,一类众生暂入声闻法中,止息疲倦已,乃能前进,至佛菩提。

四沙门果是假名施设,非有实性可得,如经:「不动如来于彼刹中说诸声闻行位差别,乃至安立如是圣果。……此是不动如来诸声闻众假名建立,所谓大阿罗汉……

暂入者,即不住义。如经:「必不信住诸声闻地。

进趣佛菩提者,如经:「住声闻地补特伽罗证无学者,闻彼刹土功德庄严,亦希瞻礼供养奉事。

证佛菩提者,经中分明,当证菩提:「若声闻乘人闻此功德法门受持读诵,为无上菩提及真如相应故精勤修习,彼于后身当得成就,或于二生补处、或复三生,终不超过,当成正觉。」又复经言菩萨声闻同一解脱,可知究竟一乘:「菩萨声闻非无优劣,而于解脱则无有异。」又复经言彼刹阿罗汉得四无畏,窃按四无畏乃佛不共法,菩萨尚不可得,何况通途声闻,是故声闻作佛之义明矣:「彼佛国中诸声闻众多获四无所畏。

【菩萨海会.摩诃萨众】

  • 浅释

《大般若》:「为如大海不可动会宣说正法……其菩萨僧一切皆是众望所识,得陀罗尼及无碍辩,成就无量不可思议、不可称量微妙功德。」参考拙作《妙喜菩萨》:https://paper.wf/chintien/abhirati-bodhisattvas

以上归依、礼敬、随念僧宝。

问:云何归依、礼敬、随念三宝,以为往生方便?

答:如《称赞经》言:「复次舍利弗!若菩萨摩诃萨愿生彼佛刹者,于东方无量世界诸佛如来说微妙法及声闻众,应以其像随念在前,愿我当证菩提说微妙法,及声闻众皆如彼佛。舍利弗!是诸菩萨应修三种随念善根,愿与一切众生平等共习,以此善根回向阿耨多罗三藐三菩提。舍利弗!如是菩萨回向善根无有限量。假使一切众生各持一器量等虚空,作如是言:『丈夫!彼之善根分与于我。』舍利弗!此诸善根若有色相,给与众生皆满其器各各持去,而彼善根亦无穷尽。以回向阿耨多罗三藐三菩提,无有限量不可移转故。舍利弗!彼三随念所成回向一切种智,以此善根三宝随转。舍利弗!若有菩萨成此善根,应知不堕一切恶趣,而能摧伏波旬及诸魔众,于彼彼佛刹随乐受生。乃至南西北方四维上下亦复如是,皆得随愿受生。是故菩萨摩诃萨于此随念善根应当积集,彼积集已应回向不动如来,故于彼刹当得受生。

问:何故先说声闻、后说菩萨?

答:由小入大故;随顺经文的顺序故;声闻尚具无量功德,何况菩萨。

【愿哀悯我,拔济饶益】

  • 浅释

三界六道无有归依无可恃怙,唯有三宝真归仗处,是故我今苦切求哀,愿摄受我常不舍离。

《大乘理趣六波罗蜜多经》:「以是观察三界六道,无有堪能拔济我者,以是应当归依佛法僧。除佛法僧,更无有能救护我者。一切有情若欲求于阿耨多罗三藐三菩提涅槃乐者,应当归依佛法僧宝。

《入胎经》:「于淫欲境极生爱着,大师哀愍,于生死海强拔令出,方便安置究竟涅槃。

《大毗婆沙论》:「众人怖所逼,多归依诸山,园苑及丛林,孤树制多等。此归依非胜,此归依非尊,不因此归依,能解脱众苦。诸有归依佛,及归依法僧,于四圣谛中,恒以慧观察:知苦知苦集,知永超众苦,知八支圣道,趣安隐涅槃。此归依最胜,此归依最尊,必因此归依,能解脱众苦。

【我今奉请】

  • 浅释

三宝体是无缘慈悲,常欲拔济一切众生,但为无机不能起应。我既虔恳再三奉请,纵非目击冥应不虚,故此须作已降之想。

【为灭众罪、增长善根】

  • 浅释

净除三障,积累福智二种资粮。

【复将弟子.随佛菩萨.生佛国土】

  • 浅释

《拔济苦难陀罗尼经》:「『今此世界无量有情,烦恼因缘造诸恶业,当堕地狱饿鬼傍生,或天人中受诸剧苦,唯愿哀愍方便拔济。』(中略)若有善男子善女人,至诚敬礼不动如来应正等觉、受持此咒,先所造作五无间业、四重、十恶、毁诸圣贤、谤正法罪皆悉除灭;临命终时,彼不动佛与诸菩萨来现其前,赞叹慰喻令其欢喜,复告之言:『今来迎汝,应随我往所从佛国。』彼命终已,决定往生不动如来清净佛土。

我今净三业,归依及礼赞, 愿共诸众生,同生妙乐刹。

回向

我今依经申赞扬,于德海中唯一滴, 回斯福聚施群生,皆愿速证菩提果。

南无不动如来.应正等觉,愿与含识.速奉慈颜; 南无不动如来.大悲加持,愿资现身.修增福智; 南无不动如来.清净大众,愿舍命已.必生其中。 #妙喜法门

 
Read more...

from relicwrites

HOW THEE FUCKERRY BEGAN...

I've been putting others in front of me for so long, I've long forgotten what I look like in front of a mirror. And literally. Because I lack an actual mirror too. It comes from a place of deep fear, yk. Making people feel like I really need anything from them, or have in any way set expectations accordingly.

Anyways, the earliest memory I have of me actively doing this is when I was nine.

The festive holidays.

Clothes shopping had to happen way earlier, before they hiked the prices up too daringly, and not caring meant one had to either match up or wait until after the trend wave for sales.

That year, I recall my mom, who used to relish taking us on that shopping spree and watching us choose some quirky-ass dress or shirt that we'd seen fellow kids pulling, was not in a good financial gap then.

She had been hinting that she was only gonna have enough for, say, my sister. Our lastborn, who she said would have felt plenty bad and accordingly raised hell about not dressing in killer clothes and duds.

I guess it was already decided, huh?

So I said nothing.

Other than I did not even care to dress up.

As if.

Anyways... I remember how big of an occasion it was. The whole lot of our extended and grown family coming together to celebrate the birth of Christ. It was a pretty big deal to us, staunch Christians as we were!

So every kid had made sort of a tradition of marching up to our fellow kins' homes to show off your festive attire on Christmas Day, plus taking a quick peek at what additions that family had made to the communal cooking, yk. Without forgetting to sip dat jussss 😂😂😂😭😭😭

So when that time for cleaning up came, I took me a good body rubbing, put on this black sweatpants I had plus a shirt, and bam! 😂😂 Plus my Crocs? I was shiny in all ways that mattered. I felt so nice and grown-up.

If only they hadn't laughed at me. Mocked my clothes as everyday clothes. All fingers pointing at me as soon as I popped out the corner, even a sprinkle of one or two grown-ups. 😁😁

I'd never forget how I felt.

That was my first glimpse of how being mature was gonna bite me in my sweet tooshie one too many times.

But in that moment, when I was standing there, feeling so very warm, with the biggest lump stuck in my throat that I could not, for the life of me, seem to be able to swallow, I remember glancing around, rapidly blinking, with a big-ass, I-don't-give-a-rat's-ass grin stuck to my face the whole time. While I proceeded to admire my cousins and whoever was selling something in there.

And with me always this off comment I'd taken time to coin beforehand:

“sikua najiskia this time.”

Come on. How lame was that?

Did life stop tho? 😂😂😂 No, it did not. Did I die? 😭🤣🤣 For a moment, I wished to. Willed it even.

No matter that that was the very first experience I remember of not feeling important enough. And yes, it might be that I washed myself into the background of these ugly and sometimes somewhat uncomfortable situations out of the need to not be noticed as, “She needs something from me, this one...”

Or something.

I don't know.

Urgh.

This beginning is quite dark, no?

 
Read more...